Indigenous groups have questioned the government's actions over these events,[93] but their situation remains ignored by the authorities, as shown with the May 2011 Xingu Mission report of the CDDPH (Conselho de Defesa dos Direitos da Pessoa Humana),[94] of which several sections regarding accusations of human right violations were excluded by the Special Secretary for Human Rights, Maria do Rosário Nunes.[95]. [23], On 26 August 2010, President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva signed the contract with the Norte Energia at a ceremony in Brasília. [44], A federal court overturned a lower court ruling that had suspended the dam's operating license in January 2016. [83] The project would also attract an estimated 100,000 migrants to the area. American actress Sigourney Weaver narrates a 10-minute graphical tour about the harmful impacts of, and alternatives to the massive Belo Monte Dam Complex on the Amazon’s Xingu River. Reportedly, Brazil's National Council for Power Policies approved a resolution, previously sanctioned by then president Lula, that only one hydroelectric dam would be built on the Xingu. "Hydroelectric dams in the Brazilian Amazon as sources of greenhouse gases" (, Phillips, Tom (15 February 2012). Norte Energia is a private (‘special use’) company set up especially for the Belo Monte Dam. They state that compared to the estimated costs of alternative energies, the Belo Monte dam is cheaper both in economic and in socio-environmental costs. Water Diversion To Belo Monte Impacts Fish Reproduction on Xingu River (Portuguese). Even in this era of “alternative facts,” the letter to the New York Times from Norte Energy (the company responsible for Brazil’s Belo Monte Dam) will surely be remembered as a classic. As a result, the five dams above Belo Monte were removed from planning and Kararaô was renamed to Belo Monte at the request of the people of that tribe. The UN Human Rights Council has published statements denouncing Brazil's careless construction methods,[91] and the International Labour Organization (ILO) likewise pointed out that the Brazilian state was in violation of ILO conventions (particularly the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 No 169)[92] – although mechanisms for international enforcement are lacking, and it would require a Brazilian court to apply the binding principles of the convention, which Brazil has ratified. [26] In February 2011, Norte Energía signed contracts with multiple suppliers for the design, production, installation and commissioning of generation and associated equipment. [77][78] If the dam builders cleared the forest beforehand, they would remove the organic matter from the reservoir floor and the dam would produce less of the greenhouse gas methane. The fishermen of the Belo Monte do Pontal community, in the municipality of Anapu (Pará), spent seven days fishing. Considering the oscillations of flow river, guaranteed minimum capacity generation from the Belo Monte Dam would measure 4,571 MW, 39% of its maximum capacity.[4]. [20][21], In April 2010 the Brazilian Federal Attorney General's Office suspended the project tender and annulled the provisional environmental license on claims of unconstitutionality. Brazil would be greatly benefited if we could follow Belo Monte with Marabá, then Altamira and Itaituba. Financial impact, indigenous peoples' rights & the environment", Will The Belo Monte Dam Project Cause Harm On The Amazon River, Brazilian Dam Causes Too Much or Too Little Water in Amazon Villages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belo_Monte_Dam&oldid=1002508154, Articles with dead external links from April 2014, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2020, Articles with dead external links from July 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Dos Canais Reservoir (Belo Monte, Bela Vista Dam), 10,621.97 MW (current at 17 units plus 6 units). Notesale is a site for students to buy and sell study notes online. This forest has been decaying under the water through Methanogenesis and producing large amounts of greenhouse gases. "Clarification note: The Guardian" (, IBAMA (1 June 2011). [40][41], On 25 April 2012, a regional judge ruled an upcoming employee strike to be illegal. The Belo Monte dam on the Amazon’s Xingu River is one of the world’s biggest hydroelectric projects. IMPSA worth $450 million to design and install by the fall of 2015 four Francis turbine generation units to provide 2,500 MW of power. As a result, carbon emissions are emitted from the dam each year it is in operation. Alternative C included a reduction to Belo Monte only. Easy upload of your notes and easy searching of other peoples notes. The fishermen of the Belo Monte do Pontal community, in the municipality of Anapu (Pará), spent seven days fishing. "Carta aberta à Presidenta Dilma e à sociedade brasileira" (, Conselho de Defesa dos Direitos da Pessoa Humana (24 May 2011). It’s just that their time has not yet come. [22] Specifically, Article 176 of the Federal Constitution states that federal law must determine the conditions of mineral and hydroelectric extraction when these activities take place in indigenous peoples' territories, as is the case for the "Big Bend" (Volta Grande) region. However, there is opposition both within Brazil and among the international community to the project's potential construction regarding its economic viability, the generation efficiency of the dams and in particular its impacts on the region's people and environment. We ask everyone to help us build a great campaign for the defense of our territory. The project is being developed by the state-owned power company Eletronorte, and would be funded largely by the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES). [2] The power station was completed in November 2019. This economic model provided the rationale and financial support for new efforts to construct Belo Monte. [20] Reports indicate that on 14 January 2011, a report from staff members of FUNAI, Fundação Nacional do Índio, (National Indian Foundation) had sent a report to IBAMA expressing concerns about the location of the project, its impact on reservation land, and the lack of attention to needs of the indigenous people, especially the Paquiçamba and recommending that FUNAI oppose any license to operate. The Belo Monte hydropower project under construction on the lower reach of the Xingu River, in Pará, Brazil, was installed with 9.39GW generating capacity as of September 2019. The IBAMA's environmental impact assessment has listed the following possible impacts: However, a clarification was released by the Brazilian authorities, in which it was deemed that the assured social and economic benefits, considered for the environmental redesign and the region's infrastructural developments, would outweigh the expected environmental damage. A major Amazon tributary, it has a watershed of over 509,000 km2 and represents 14 percent of Brazil’s inventoried hydroelectric potential.The Xingu takes a dramatic detour near the city of Altamira, forming the … Our biweekly podcast delivering news & inspiration from nature’s frontline. [citation needed] In addition, a study on the Brazilian Tucuruí dam showed that the actual greenhouse gas emissions were a factor ten higher than its official calculations showed, and this dam is no exception; it is feared that the Belo Monte Dam calculations are also deliberately undercutting reality and that the flooding of its reservoir will create a similar situation. Our river is growing sadder and weaker every day. Dams in Brazil emit high amounts of methane, due to the lush jungle covered by waters each year as the basin fills. [67][68], Belo Monte's 668 square kilometres (258 sq mi) of reservoir will flood 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi) of forest, about 0.01% of the Amazon forest. Mention of the “valid operating license,” reminds one of the Federal Public Ministry in Belém describing Belo Monte as “totally illegal.” The dam forced its way past multiple legal challenges by means of “security suspensions,” a relict of Brazil’s military dictatorship that allows projects to go forward despite any number of illegalities if they are needed to avoid “damage to the public economy” (originally law 4348 of June 26, 1964, now law 12,016 of August 7, 2009). The Construction plans continue to be fought by the Kayapo people. [9], Original plans for the project based on the 1979 study included two dams close to Belo Monte. The Belo Monte Dam on the Xingu River, completed in 2016, will also produce less due to climate variability and a relatively small reservoir: only 4.46 of the 11.23 GW that it was built to generate even in optimistic scenarios in 10 of … [72] In January 2011, IBAMA president Abelardo Azevedo also resigned his post. Alternative B included a reduction to four dams, dropping Jarina and Iriri. "(, Fearnside, Phillip M. (1995). The plan had Belo Monte to be constructed by 2000 and Altamira by 2005. [61], Due to the project's lack of economic viability and lack of interest from private investors, the government has had to rely on pension funds and lines of credit from BNDES that draw from the Workers' Assistance Fund, oriented towards paying the public debt, to finance the project; up to one-third of the project's official cost would be financed by incentives using public money. Fully commissioned in November 2019, it became the second biggest hydroelectric plant in Brazil after the Itaipu dam, and also the world’s fourth-biggest power plant. Furthermore, the forest will be cleared before flooding of the area, so the CO2 and methane emissions calculated for the flooding of the forested area will be significantly undercut. The power saved would be equivalent to 14 Belo Monte hydroelectric plants and would result in national electricity savings of up to R$33 billion (US$19 billion). The controversial project, said to be “one of the most inefficient dams” ever proposed, would have numerous social and environmental impacts on the Amazon region. Some officials in Brazil were determined to build a dam on a river with an average flow of 7,800 m3/s (275,454 cu ft/s) and at a site that offers a 87.5 m (287 ft) drop. This surprised local leaders as they felt plans for the dams above Belo Monte were cancelled. [37] On 28 September though, due to concerns for local fishers, a federal judge prohibited Norte Energia from "building a port, using explosives, installing dikes, building canals and any other infrastructure work that would interfere with the natural flow of the Xingu river, thereby affecting local fish stocks". Belo Monte hydropower project is an 11.2GW run-of-the-river hydroelectric power plant located on the lower reach of the Xingu River, in northern Brazil. hbspt.cta.load(5981609, 'ffe07749-0055-4a95-85b3-bce123fc330c', {}); Mongabay is a U.S.-based non-profit conservation and environmental science news platform. - The Belo Monte Dam is notorious for having violated international conventions and Brazilian laws regarding consultation of Indigenous peoples, and for its massive environmental and social impacts. It is composed of the main Belo Monte Dam, and its turbine house with an installed capacity of 11,000 MW. Belo Monte Dam: A spearhead for Brazil’s dam-building attack on the Amazon? On 20 April 2010 Folha de Sao Paulo poll showed 52% in favor of the dam. The Brazilian government is constructing the Belo Monte mega-dam on the Xingu River in the Amazon. Mexican Indians have been using the narcotic plant for over 20 centuries to cure any number of ailments. The Belo Monte Dam (formerly known as Kararaô) is a hydroelectric dam complex on the northern part of the Xingu River in the state of Pará, Brazil.After its completion, with the installation of its 18th turbine, in November 2019, the installed capacity of the dam complex is 11,233 megawatts (MW), which makes it the second largest hydroelectric dam complex in Brazil and fourth … The same day, the appellate court for Region 1 disenfranchised the Attorney General's suspension, reinstating the project auction at ANEEL. Lula soon brokered political deals with the center and right-wing sectors in 2003, especially with ex-president José Sarney of the state of Maranhão of the PMDB, which would set the precedent that eventually characterized the two Lula administrations: cooperation between the market and the state, a combination of a free market economy with larger social spending and welfare. Pakissamba Village (Juruna), Xingu River, Para State, Brazil. Reducing the flow of water from the 11.233-GW Belo Monte hydroelectric power plant on Brazil’s Xingu river, could have a BRL1.3 billion (US$240 million) impact on consumers, electric power watchdog Aneel has warned federal environmental agency Ibama. With one dam, critics do not see a cost-to-benefit ratio advantage and question the government's decision to construct only one. To download the report, see WWF-Brazil and Greenpeace, Governo criará "monstro", diz ex-diretor da Aneel, de Castro, Nivalde J., da Silva Leite, André L., and de A. Dantas, Guilherme (June 2012). [58], In April 2012 it was announced that a $146 million contract was signed between Norte Energia S.A. and a consortium consisting of ARCADIS logos (a subsidiary of ARCADIS) holding a 35% share, and Themag, Concremat, and ENGECORPS, who will provide their engineering services to the project.[59]. We have never been in such need. One engineer said of the dam: "God only makes a place like Belo Monte once in a while. Many indigenous people such as the Kayapo Indians are concerned about the potential loss of … The Belo Monte hydroelectric dam complex, located on the Xingu River in the state of Para in the eastern Brazilian Amazon (see Image 66a), has been controversial since its inception over 15 years ago, due to both environmental and social concerns related to building and operating one of the largest dams in the world in a sensitive environment.. [51][52] According to the president of Brazil's Energy Research Company (EPE), 39% is "just a little below" Brazil's average of 55%. Rather, he argued that Brazil could grow through increasing its installed capacity in wind power, currently only at 400 MW. The project was part of Eletrobras' "2010 Plan" which included 297 dams that were to be constructed in Brazil by 2010. [10] However, Norte Energia released a clarification note stating their concern with the socioeconomic development of the area, including the promise to invest R$3.700 billion (1,300 million GBP) into various issues.[87]. When simulating energy benefits using a modeling system it became obvious that Belo Monte would require additional upstream dams to provide water storage for dry season generation. The rivers in the Southern Amazon region are still identified as the main targets for large hydroelectric plants. The Belo Monte Dam resurfaced, and would be built on the Xingu River, the homeland to many Kayapo people. Join Forces to Call for an #AmazonCeaseFire! In July 2010, the federal holding company Eletrobras stated that there were 18 partners and reported their adjusted share in the project: The Norte Energia consortium construction companies were reported to have originally held a 40% share. The Pimental Dam which also includes a turbine house would have an installed capacity of 233.1 MW, containing 38.85 MW bulb turbines. The letter opens by claiming that “From the beginning, the deployment of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant in the Brazilian state of Pará has been guided by respect for the local Indigenous populations and by laws, ratified protocols and conventions.” News of Norte Energia’s letter reached the local Indigenous populations, and they are rightly enraged. 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[17] On 20 April 2010, the Norte Energia consortium won the project auction by bidding at R$77.97/MWh, almost 6% below the price ceiling of R$83/MWh. "Review of the geographic distribution of fish fauna of the Xingu river basin, Brazil". Letter from the Arara People to the World [46][47] The power station was to have twenty vertical Francis turbines listed at 550 MW (max 560 MW). [13], However, transparency of the government's plans once again became an issue, sparking indigenous tribes of the region to organize another large meeting, called the Segundo Encontro dos Povos do Xingu (the Second Encounter of the Peoples of the Xingu) in the city of Altamira, Pará on 20 May 2008. A Belo Monte dam along the Xingu River is expected to be completed in 2019 and will be the second-largest dam in Brazil (and second-largest dam in … Plans for the dam began in 1975 but were soon shelved due to controversy; they were later revitalized in the late 1990s. "[19] U.S. film director James Cameron also visited the site prior to the auction and stated he would produce an anti-Belo Monte Dam film called Message From Pandora which was later released in November. However, the case was appealed to the Supreme Court where it languished while the dam was built and has still not been judged. The reservoir's surface area was reduced from 1,225 km2 (473 sq mi) to 440 km2 (170 sq mi) by moving the dam further upstream. They went up the river in canoes, as they traditionally do, until the Xingu Great Bend, an area of 100 km on the Xingu River (Pará), just below the plant, which was blocked in order to feed the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam. [55], The project is developed by Norte Energia. Belo Monte violated Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization (ILO-169) and the Brazilian law (10.088 of Nov. 5, 2019, formerly 5.051 of April 19, 2004) that implements the convention. A response from the Arara People (Figure 1) is translated below. [71], Among the 20,000 to be directly displaced by reservoir flooding, resettlement programs have been identified by the government as necessary for mitigation. Urgent action to control the level of the Belo Monte HPP Xingu Reservoir - is signed by Norte Energia’s CEO and addressed to the head of the national water agency. We are very concerned about the future of our children and grandchildren. Field Report: Belo Monte Dam on Rio Xingu update from Amazonas Magazine: Clownfish vocalizations used to establish heirarchy and breeding status From Advanced Aquarist 'Mega Dam' on Mekong moves forward despite international opposition More info from Seriously Fish: (en) Denise De Andrade Cunha et Leandro Valle Ferreira, « Impacts of the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam construction on pioneer vegetation formations along the Xingu River, Pará State, Brazil », Brazilian Journal of Botany, vol. [71], Two senior officials at IBAMA, Leozildo Tabajara da Silva Benjamin and Sebastião Custódio Pires, resigned their posts in 2009 citing high-level political pressure to approve the project. For whatever reason, the New York Times declined to publish it. However, according to the court the contractor company did not violate its terms and as such, its employees will be fined for R$200,000 (US$106,000) per day if they do not attend. The views expressed are those of the author, not necessarily Mongabay. This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 19:44. Norte Energia have failed to obtain free, prior, and informed consent from the Juruna and Arara indigenous tribes to be impacted by Belo Monte. [38][39] On 9 November, construction was allowed to recommence after federal judge Maria do Carmo Cardoso ruled that indigenous people did not have to be consulted by law before work approval. In 1998, the Babaquara Dam was again placed into planning but under a new name, the Altamira Dam. The Belo Monte Dam Complex figured as an anchor project of the new investment plan. The Xingu River is one of them. "Amazon defenders face death or exile" (, Watson, Fiona (10 January 2012). A year ago, the world awoke to one of the worst … [74] The area either dried out or drowned by the dam spans the entire known world distribution of a number of species, e.g. Upon its completion, it will be the fourth largest hydroelectric plant … The Belo Monte Dam would support the main power station in the complex. [25], On 26 January 2011, a partial installation license was granted by IBAMA, authorizing Norte Energia to begin initial construction activities only including forest clearing, the construction of easement areas, and improvement of existing roads for the transport of equipment and machinery. The licensing process and the dam's construction have been mired in federal court battles; the current ruling is that construction is allowed, because the license is based on five different environmental technical reports[5] and in accordance with the RIMA (Environmental Impact Report, EIA-RIMA) study for Belo Monte. Belo Monte will flood a total area of 668 square kilometres (258 sq mi). The Belo Monte hydroelectric power plant is being built on the Xingu River in the Pará state of Brazil. Xingu Tribes and the Belo Monte Dam; Yucca Mountain; Yucca Mountain; Yucca Mountain and the Proposed Nuclear Waste Storage Site; Zuni Salt Lake; Categories. "[10] President of Eletronorte, José Muniz Lopes, in an interview with the newspaper O Liberal (Belo Monte entusiasma an Eletronorte por Sônia Zaghetto, 15 July 2001), affirmed: "Within the electric sector's planning for the period 2010/2020, we’re looking at three dams – Marabá (Tocantins river), Altamira (previously called Babaquara, Xingu River) and Itaituba (São Luís do Tapajós). However, in the case of Tucuruí, only the economically necessary forest was cut (10%, near the opening to the spillway) and the rest was left intact to be flooded by the reservoir. [10] The government offered little transparency to the people who would be affected regarding its plans for the hydroelectric project, provoking indigenous tribes of the region to organize what they called the I Encontro das Nações Indígenas do Xingu (First Encounter of the Indigenous Nations of the Xingu) or the "Altamira Gathering", in 1989. [62], WWF-Brazil released a report in 2007 stating that Brazil could cut its expected demand for electricity by 40% by 2020 by investing in energy efficiency. [20], 140 organizations and movements from Brazil and across the globe decried the decision-making process in granting the environmental license for the dams in a letter to Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in 2010. [84][85][86] External researchers indicate that the majority of the Belo Monte dam's energy output will be relegated towards the aluminium industry, and will not benefit the people living in the area. Our territory has become the business counter of the world. "Ibama autoriza a instalação da Usina de Belo Monte" (, Instituto Raoni (13 March 2012). We’re now asking for authorization to intensify our studies for these dams. "Relatório de impressões sobre as violações dos direitos humanos na região conhecida como "Terra do Meio" no Estado do Pará" (, Glass, Verena (25 March 2012). [9] Four other dams were planned upstream as well and they include the Ipixuna, Kakraimoro, Iriri and Jarina. [70] Previously in October 2009, a panel composed of independent experts and specialists from Brazilian universities and research institutes issued a report on the EIA, finding "various omissions and methodological inconsistencies in the EIA..." Among the problems cited within the EIA were the project's uncertain cost, deforestation, generation capacity, greenhouse gas emissions and in particular the omission of consideration for those affected by the river being mostly diverted in the 100 km (62 mi) long "Big Bend" (Volta Grande). The last "good" catch was in mid-August 2020. Eletronorte also stated they would "resurvey the fall", meaning resurvey the dams on the river.[10][11]. [43] The Supreme Federal Court overturned the decision on 28 August and ordered construction to recommence. The Amazon Rainforest Is Burning Again. [69] Though argued to be a relatively small area for a dam's energy output, this output cannot be fully obtained without the construction of other dams planned within the dam complex. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. [1] The dam's reservoir would also divert water into two 12 km (7 mi) long canals. However, Norte Energía, the company assigned with the construction of the Belo Monte Dam, has the possibility of an appeal to the Supreme Court. [53] According to a study by Eletrobras, even when at reduced capacities, Belo Monte would still have the capacity to supply the entire state of Para with electricity. Brazil's rapid economic growth over the last decade has provoked a huge demand for new and stable sources of energy, especially to supply its growing industries. Downstream of the first of the two dams that compose Belo Monte is a 100-km stretch of the Xingu River from which 80% of the water flow has been diverted. We the Arara Indigenous People of the Iriri River are tired of being deceived by Norte Energia. Private investors interested in the project include mining giants Alcoa and Vale (to power new mines nearby like the proposed Belo Sun gold mine[48]), construction conglomerates Andrade Gutierrez, Votorantim, Grupo OAS, Queiroz Galvão, Odebrecht and Camargo Corrêa, and energy companies GDF Suez and Neoenergia. [71] An estimated 18,700 direct jobs would be created, with an additional 25,000 indirect jobs to accommodate the surge in population. Partial installation license was granted on 26 January 2011, IBAMA ( 1 June 2011 ) weaker every.. Only worsened indigenous and opposition forces within the government has decided to construct the dam each as... 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