jury instruction negligent infliction of emotional distress

15 0 obj endobj endobj endobj Depending on the facts of the case, a plaintiff could choose one or both of the bracketed choices in element 2. 12 0 obj 31 0 obj endobj A Plaintiff always bears the â burden of proof â to prove EACH ELEMENT below. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 107 0 R 110 0 R 112 0 R 117 0 R 119 0 R 122 0 R 124 0 R 127 0 R 130 0 R 135 0 R 138 0 R 143 0 R 145 0 R 148 0 R 153 0 R 156 0 R 162 0 R 166 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 106 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 25>> endobj 2 0 obj 49 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 231 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 70>> CV1505 â Negligent infliction of emotional distress. <> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 251 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 90>> 84 0 obj 79 0 obj 38 0 obj 96 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 223 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 62>> The defendant alleged error in a jury instruction that said that Krouse could recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress by simply being present at the scene of the accident. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 253 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 92>> endobj endobj 50 0 obj this claim, [ name of plaintiff] must prove all of the following: 1. 6 0 obj @��d 5 vk�ݪ��ظ/�p�� D֗��u��:A}t��`\1�t_��UHdl��\�?G�z��kK�9��W)��0,J��~��0=xxp�6+\TWv�ْ#�B��[P�X*-��H�x��BT�X�ۛ��F�۱��~�j0qUI]��a3L�j��, W��@�y�Ү}|��Jim��"�3˰(�Y�Q�q�ŷ]��uÓk�*�Ve� ��A>H��9�� c(��p>rrX7�Sut�tP�Im�@Y�K�FI��.��E�� W��@�y#Ϯr��k�.�"�c��(5��Q��&>�V� ��JJ'핉��V��Z��/3d��|�~��gd�S�l�1S4�T\��z��d��/Ѩ�e)>A�ǳ[�l��U͆�T�I�WR�T��k��@��TlL��b�q�|;!�� F��(�P��/PF��X#9��xg�xG��j�'��c�g1lK /�x�ޣ�6�'8�L�ޱ��5i6��/8��8l�S�ż�>�}�M��7�.l(Y��2��T.UONj�:��#�j�:�ѕz|D��U+�!��R�?��[��l�~�q��䆂g-AAi��G��?Y3��Z� �HSiws|��\�}��xs��#B8��R3��đrp�n*��q��֮�?6e��k�� <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 270 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 109>> <> endobj <>/F 4/Dest[ 57 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 7>> Notably, the tenants were not named as defendants, and the complaint did not allege any causes of action against them. X;��@/s�4LG��7�Yq_+#��W��'��\��,Q��٨/�Ψ��J}G��]&�[PP��)Ļ �YcZPz%pL�`��]l�L(y��I�5�Y�9�vq��EΚ�%ǁaQj��G��Yk��bT`"��Xo_�+�.g\��RŤ��Q 3b��&�ʁV��[��r7�f ��(�_�V�c�ًs�=Oi�{�~�8=e)��8�:%8�`�7��+��P�;zS�",��[��H&��)�.Oyp۪��aQj��z�167fd�S��,�(��,�j]�,�(�Wg�)��5٩L��l�Q"�}I>�a��5_-�f��O�zҒF��x�c��K1v��s��)h1��$�y]^W��Y&��㪓.W��ߑ ��R�+�B��[��3K��2&d�J��$ߊf6. endobj 16 0 obj 51 0 obj 13 0 obj endobj That [ name of defendant] was negligent; 2. endobj p÷"X¬*&´¬Cç£&åXAM|d`IÂX³!êbHg{6+\VÆªÊ©´Òá/µ _R1?ÔËã6&9®|ZÏ%~|¬øw²\Ö'À u >¿CªØê#hèÆu¶02Ãñ!éAÔc¡ßíBdn.æ;'Ä\Øõ68~ÓÊäsÒâBÇÜèDå³Ñ±ã$±ñíù /\ÅÙo±§¯w4|Ô£qäd%"Ö»ÁÅ.²§7ûmÏG%¨ÛË=ÇÆ(ÿ9C0³GvxøNoÇ©rOê0#å9{z@ä_tEMkÞì8IË7ìtàI7Rs;edî-ß¨A}r4ÍÎî;²áö°~ftoFË)0xÛ§Ú§|öÏÎâ9DK¨ÞdWÅ¨¤iÁÒÑÌ=a:ýuÏWJgyg½Úâû.Pµ½Çþ$¬Z?¸y8¬e}üÒP-§cÉ¾ éÁìÜ¤3&íó»UQ«è ü¦¾býD#¹OÚÈ0pÞqlp×§"×3wâÇÅëdûs¸m ;ziüÊ.Ì`Äe\sôf|´£ÜFq)»OÊì®Uv R ¸Ãó¼§wä÷eøægÆ1ñf8»Ãøs!èÖ£Fw= ðöIgÂHEUR_ÂZ'FÆ 73 0 obj 100 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 227 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 66>> 39 0 obj 60 0 obj 104 0 obj endobj 14 0 obj <> endobj The complaint set forth four causes of action against the defendants, to recover damages for nuisance, intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and loss of consortium. <> <>/F 4/Dest[ 61 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 8>> 82 0 obj ��t1�o��â��f얹pK.NW��_c7�9 B0�zl- 98 0 obj The Illinois Supreme Court clarified the scope of that claim in one of its last decisions of 2016, affirming the Appellate Court in Schweihs v. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 263 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 102>> <>/F 4/Dest[ 17 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 1>> 32 0 obj <>/F 4/Dest[ 68 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 10>> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 256 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 95>> 95 0 obj [Name of plaintiff] claims that [name of defendant]'s conduct caused [him/her] to suffer serious emotional distress. endobj endobj endobj 2. endobj The tort of negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) is a controversial cause of action, which is available in nearly all U.S. states but is severely constrained and limited in the majority of them. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress To establish a claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress under Pennsylvania law, a plaintiff must prove that: (1) he or she was near the scene of an accident or negligent act; (2) shock or distress resulted from a direct emotional â¦ <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 221 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 60>> The Committee creates annual supplements, based on changes in statutory and case law. endobj <> endobj endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 222 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 61>> endobj endobj 65 0 obj <> from the negligence of another. 37 0 obj Washington plaintiffs may recover mental anguish damages under two theories: (1) intentional or willful infliction of emotional distress, see Cagle v. Burns and Roe, Inc., 106 Wn.2d 911, 916, 726 P.2d 434 (1986); or (2) negligent infliction of emotional distressâ¦ <> endobj +K�~��g�y*pS��H�T�Z|yW��r��GF*��x3��&��rx��:��z�a��PaU�I�++�Z��\b��%Rg"�U�?q��GT˵�FI�/�|��$ �sy��nx�7�ށ'@w��?�˛�7��&��o��@��-�^]p�fJ��5�\w=�e�mM� �S�*@�J�=�`��Cɣ ~ V$P.��I�^�C$ ��BIT�T��~j5��|xb�5�c*�}�4v�f�v��@e�8��G��B �M�'��n��|��z7�7�[|_q�b"#uZ�L��(��O��[�XL� \(��k6�\&�B��'�y��Y�v2�r�F��=Yˆ�!��L T=�0v�M��nb`�,��n2&w�#@0w�r7��1�S�XG�ets��xD+%�B��Eif�b4��K��G2 California Civil Jury Instructions (CACI) 1621; Dillon v. <>/F 4/Dest[ 78 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 15>> endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 259 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 98>> 1. This does not apply when the distress is a direct result of a physical injury. 77 0 obj �dw�V�"Ů��X��M��?~�^��s�~-ޜ��?��"�\i��Ns-��_��ћ��*�L��|)J�TK�De2�O��K�Sq��Pܹ��w�G��t�i��fx��ו�K��||t?>z�(��ۢ8 *�� %�YN�q�˙[�]o�k�$32�G��x7LpU��+��gC[�z�B��{��B��xEo�k��YF��r�Qr�w�@y7̪u��:X]&=��T$*�MĶ��r�U��*��e�� Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress: Overview. endobj endobj endobj 40 0 obj <>/F 4/Dest[ 70 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 11>> 92 0 obj 57 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 248 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 87>> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 229 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 68>> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 272 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 111>> <> 29 0 obj <>/F 4/Dest[ 49 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 5>> Restatement (Second) of Torts § 313(2) says that the general rule for negligent infliction of emotional distress where the plaintiff suffers emotional distress as a result of fear for his own safety does not apply to illness or bodily harm âcaused by emotional distress arising solely from harm or peril to a third person, unless the negligence of the actor has otherwise created an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to theâ â¦ endobj 103 0 obj endobj 401.1 Introduction; 401.2 Summary of Claims; 401.3 Greater Weight of the Evidence; 401.4 Negligence; 401.5 Negligence of a Child; 401.6 Negligence of a Common Carrier Southern California Edison Co. (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 123: (Defendant Southern California Edison Company (Edison) appeals from a judgment following a jury trial in which the jury found in favor of plaintiff Simona Wilson on her claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED), etc. endobj x��]YoG~��Џd u��Y��d��>0")�� endobj See California Civil Jury Instructions (CACI) 1620 (Negligent Infliction of Emotional DistressâDirect VictimâEssential Factual Elements); see also Burgess v. Superior Court (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1064. endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 224 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 63>> 24 0 obj endobj 25 0 obj [ 27 0 R] endobj �o;oA)�M�) [��Jpщ��(=I[P�d��w�.�܌��.J��7�c]�i8��b�e��\��]���bp��8O�#B �|��(_�M��`�c��h2��墈��[�� cz�Ж�bs1.�%@��. %PDF-1.7 endobj That [ name of defendant ]âs negligence was a substantial factor in. 3. 71 0 obj The above-referenced jury instructions provides the following instruction for a plaintiff to bring a claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress following a personal injury accident: â[Name of plaintiff] claims that [he/she] suffered serious emotional distress as a result of perceiving [an injury to/the death of] [name of injury victim]. ��pz$�c��G�QD1&M��t�v3��Y*��G 9F��{ Q:K�ڛ�0t��I.��Ц��#I��(5E�QH��~��T2x(� endobj Use this instruction only if the trial court has determined that the conduct has been sufficiently extreme and outrageous as to warrant a factual determination by the jury. endobj In Nevada, the elements for a claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress are: The defendant negligently caused an accident or injury; The plaintiff was either: The person who was injured, or; Someone with a close familial relationship to the injured person; 59 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 261 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 100>> The instructions are created and compiled by The Pattern Jury Instruction Committee, made up of trial judges assisted by the School of Government and supported by the North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts. Portee v. Jaffee, 84 N.J. 88, 98-99 (1980). <>/F 4/Dest[ 87 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 18>> Sample jury instructions â California CACI 1620 negligent infliction of emotional distress Here are the jury instructions for California. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 246 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 85>> See generally P.W., 2016 CO 6, ¶ 24 n.7 (negligence cases address foreseeability twice, first as part of a duty endobj <> 80 0 obj <>/Metadata 2619 0 R/ViewerPreferences 2620 0 R>> endobj 62 0 obj endobj 66 0 obj 44 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 234 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 73>> 87 0 obj endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 244 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 83>> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 232 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 71>> Use this instruction for claims of intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress. 45 0 obj 61 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 266 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 105>> Emotional distress claims are among the most difficult injuries to prove in a court case. The Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in Civil Cases submits this new set of instructions to the Florida Standard Jury Instructions in Civil Cases to address tort actions of negligent infliction of emotional distress. <> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 214 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 55>> endobj Interested parties have until May 15, 2018, to submit comments electronically or by mail to the Civil Committee at [email protected], to the Chair of the â¦ causing [ name of â¦ Footnote: 1 The Committee on Model Jury Charges, Civil, recognizes that the existence of a "marital or intimate familial relationship" is an essential element of the cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional distress. 47 0 obj <>/F 4/Dest[ 24 0 R/XYZ 69 694 0] /StructParent 2>> The tort of NIED may apply to situations where someone suffers some mental or emotional harm (shock, trauma, etc.) <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 235 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 74>> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 213 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 54>> However, the jury found Wal-Mart negligent in hiring, training, and supervising the employees and that this negligence was a cause of damage to Miller. <>/F 4/Dest[ 42 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 3>> 416 (see Standard Jury Instructions in Contracts and Business Cases) 417 Unlawful Discrimination; 420 Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress; 451 Fiduciary Duty; 401 General Negligence. 74 0 obj endobj endobj [ 11 0 R] 52 0 obj endobj <>/F 4/Dest[ 46 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 4>> endobj endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 250 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 89>> endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 205 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 53>> endobj 75 0 obj 76 0 obj @��d�V�(�q�5�v5k��܅�"ԡV��[�Z�{��3,�� \��Y@X��(O� W��F��[bM��{�\�>RHUC�r��.�&�¯-&�$��.��^�zV��K�O�ni��>+Ʈa��R��ܛ-c�[�x�� [v�u��YwDǖaQj��eK/f ��%[�A0�Y4��E��ǁx�WW�g��g��x��W�`�Z��@��g׷��+�� 21 0 obj endobj 7 0 obj The underlying concept is that one has a legal duty to use reasonable care to avoid causing emotional distress to another individual. endobj endobj If one is a direct victim of negligent infliction of emotional distress, they would need to establish the elements of negligence (duty, breach, causation, and damages), with the emotional distress serving as the damages. <> endobj endobj That [ name of plaintiff] suffered serious emotional distress; and. endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 247 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 86>> The jury in Miller found the employees were not liable for false imprisonment, battery, or negligent infliction of emotional distress and loss of consortium. Marlene F. v. AffÄ±liated Psychiatric Medical Clinic, Inc. (1989) 48 Cal.3d 583. 18 0 obj endobj endobj CV1503 â Severe or extreme emotional distress. endobj endobj <> 1. 30 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 269 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 108>> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 242 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 81>> 28 0 obj 70 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 236 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 75>> 81 0 obj 4 0 obj 1 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 243 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 82>> 93 0 obj The âaggravation of any pre â¦ The court also rejected defendantâs contention that emotional distress damages are allowed only in causes of action for intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress. <>/F 4/Dest[ 85 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 17>> endobj endobj endstream It simply allows certain persons to recover damages for emotional distress only on a negligence cause of action even though they were not â¦ 33 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 268 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 107>> 68 0 obj endobj endobj 19 0 obj endobj <> endobj 26 0 obj <> Unlike a broken bone, or a spinal disk injury, there is no test or X-ray to show the jury. Af ter a brief history of emotional distress law, this Article will discuss claims for emotional distress based on negligence, in tentional torts, and statutory violations. ��E�*e��΅$P>�9py��uV+��B8]]n �N��"��S��\��-��3�'Dg;)6��rq/�&�o��,Wt�u��W��mw��9��-��٠\đ��ry�8�)��M�5��9f�^Gr0��&WKQc��.��ݦu�L�l|��b`�F��m(��7��$T��|>��Oo�&m�DtQ�d,eXM �c��ꁨÇ��]�k��x܈=�+��;�{[��R��/�@:�z5�-W�G��c� stream Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress The Illinois Supreme Court first recognized intentional infliction of emotional distress as a cause of action in Knieriem v. Izzo, 22 Ill. 2d 73 (1961). endobj endobj endobj endobj 53 0 obj 42 0 obj Jury Instructions - Civil 2012 (Current as of February 17, 2012) i Proposed Plain Language Model Jury Instructions - Civil ... 1805 Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress - Negligent - Definition 1806 Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress - General Instruction â¦ 102 0 obj endobj �r��7�+�!�U&[��z(Ÿ�[�?��}�o. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 249 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 88>> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 233 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 72>> 101 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 239 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 78>> <> <>/F 4/Dest[ 97 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 21>> 88 0 obj endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 171 0 R 177 0 R 180 0 R 186 0 R 190 0 R 193 0 R 199 0 R 202 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 170 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 45>> 3 0 obj endobj <>/F 4/Dest[ 76 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 14>> endobj A NEID claim comes about when the actions of a defendant are so careless or negligent that he/she must compensate the plaintiff for emotional or mental injury. 48 0 obj endobj <>/F 4/Dest[ 89 0 R/XYZ 69 720 0] /StructParent 19>> <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 228 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 67>> Courts in most jurisdictions have been cautious about the parameters of any possible cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional distress where the plaintiff has pled no physical impact. 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