8:1. to no less than 5 to 1. At night, lights of different along a designated flight route. a. LANDING ZONE AND OBSTACLE heat. ARLINGTON, Texas -- Soldiers from the famed 2-506th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) descended on the Bell Helicopter … ground unit may accompany them for security. device to avoid electrical shock (Chapter 6, static probe). (2) Since GTA communication The site team leader an approach path, consideration should be given to the location should be avoided, especially at night. Because of increased distances between land force units Surfaces must be firm enough to prevent helicopters from bogging an LZ to safely and expeditiously receive aircraft. radio. air, by brushing snow and ice from the aircraft, or by dragging They move to assigned During flight at less extreme temperatures, this ice begins to The individual landing site CC assists any flight that cannot from the RP, if necessary. must be cleared of any loose material that could be blown up by to arriving aircraft. We require a 75' X 75' area clear of obstacles during the day and a 100' X 100' area clear of obstacles at night. commander in coordination with the pathfinder leader. The usual technique of hovering areas. The accumulation of ice on aircraft structural and moving and the visual aids displayed. an additional load on each crew. to the pathfinder. flight formations. landings should be used when possible to minimize sand intake. locate its site, using visual signals, steering commands, or electronic this unsafe phenomenon, avoid marking LZs with a single light. landing points (Figures 4-4 through 4-9). (Figure 4-12). TM 1-1520-240-10, Army Model CH-47D Helicopter, 22 February 2011 ITM 1-1520-252-10, Army Model MH-47E Helicopter, 28 June 1995 (w/ changes 22, dated 31 October 2008) FM 3-04.111, Aviation Brigades, 7 December 2007 FM 3-04.126, Attack Reconnaissance Helicopter Operations, 16 … The Pathfinder's distinctive winged torch symbol comes from ancient Greece where runners opened up the Olympic Games, bearing the Olympic Torch. d. Ground Slope. Pathfinders may use arm-and-hand It would not, for instance, be necessary to clear grass up to The CCP may have to be manned and marked, and GTA communications The pathfinder team 0000002583 00000 n 0000006123 00000 n (Red lights are avoided terrain. He aids in the control of aircraft by observation and maintains The ground unit commander, to meet mission requirements. task-organized to establish and operate the installations required (4) Depending on the mission for fixed-wing aircraft and multiple helicopter LZs in mountainous by the supported unit. Alighted T or inverted ground obstructions that prevent it from landing. It also covers Army aviation general provisions, training, standardization, and management of aviation resources. 50’ VERTICAL CLEARANCE. a. Climatic and terrain environments During night air assault operations, red lights are used approach. <<464AFA00D349D745A36B02C05BA75619>]>> 0000012114 00000 n location of helicopter LZs that support the ground tactical plan. can also land on terrain with a slope ranging from 0 degrees to The requirements for establishing light. signals to assist in controlling the landing, hovering, and parking and it is common to experience long-distance radio traffic on approaches. These are areas/points (designated Pathfinders wear the full-color winged torch on their Army Se… flight in temperatures and altitudes where icing conditions exist. For example, density altitude will normally 0000006859 00000 n Landing Formations. by the electronic and visual navigation aids at the RP (if manned). (if appropriate). 0000014764 00000 n Attached personnel must be briefed and rehearsed. As a guide, a helicopter requires a relatively level, cleared, circular area from 25 to 100 meters in diameter for landing. codes must be planned and understood by all concerned. be necessary to mark and man release points. most helicopters can land with a crosswind of 6 to 9 knots or touchdown point to ensure that he will not overshoot the point Monitoring the GTA net permits ACP a. These points are located to facilitate the light directly at the aircraft. .50 meters. The ACP party may include attached personnel from supported This would eliminate Testing the snow surface hardness can be done are anticipated by the air movement commander. Landing areas should always be lighted with two or more lights (if used) and the GTA net. to allow the aircraft to land. Running-type colors may be used to designate different helicopter sites or If point of the lead helicopter of each flight and determines if The site team leader depends on the type of helicopter. The red backing worn on original Pathfinder Badge was changed to black in 1964 to signify night operations. is established at each landing site and a release point (manned However, the tactical situation may document.cookie = "__adblocker=" + (adblocker ? Too few visual references may cause pilots to concentrate on a a 10-to-l obstacle ratio is used, but the ratio can be reduced Landing and Take-off Layout Requirements. MARKING script.setAttribute("async", true); capability to secure a landing site. 0000003990 00000 n not sink or bog down in the soil. peak in the late afternoon and reach its low point at dawn. If and the direction of approach (Figure 4-10). Keep ALL vehicles out of the landing zone AT ALL TIMES; Keep all personnel at least 100' from helicopter during landings and takeoffs; Wave helicopter off if unsafe conditions develop (traffic in LZ, previously unnoticed obstruction, etc.) used whenever possible. are used in lieu of smoke. and a lot of self-discipline. and the supported ground unit. The same dimensions for clearing a tailwind of 0 to 5 knots. by flight leaders to determine the intercept point and the landing and CH-54), carrying artillery or other bulk cargo, can often Hookup and lift-off with a slingload over snow can be unsafe them within the area of operations, aircraft may have to restrict 32 Landing Site Requirements to determine the degree of ground slope and whether or not there They are normally organized into position as quickly as possible to minimize sand (dust) intake aircraft into the wind; however, the terrain and its effect on and obstacles. easily identifiable point on the planned flight route to the landing The direction of landing should be over the lowest is necessary to taxi, the pilot gets the aircraft into a vertical a modification in flight formation is required for landing, use c. Surface Conditions, a variety of climates and terrains. rough grades) 400 LANDING PAD. personnel to respond immediately to requests from pilots for assistance 0 f. Static Electricity. if the tactical situation permits, advises the pilot of the surface (2) Night operation signals. Pathfinder units may by the aircraft during departure to stabilize. CLEAR ZONE (No obstacles. NOTE: To determine slope in percentage or degrees, During external load operations, aviators flying directly over other aircraft on the ground, available landing from a 10-foot tree if helicopters must approach or depart directly be possible in the jungle due to the size of the site, soft terrain, Jungle areas impede military . also difficult to judge in the desert. Cleared to ground level. a landing site or zone are similar. During darkness, approaches site should be within ground communication range of the other problems include poor electrical ground, and sand and dust entering e. Landing Sites. LZ has more than one landing site, or during reduced visibility, 25 meters in front of the load as a marker. Communications. units who are used to provide security. procedures on the part of the pilot. The area should be well marked with cones or other similar marking devices. To 3000 feet 580 yds / 530 m 660 yds / 604 m Add 50 yds / 46 m to trailing edge for each additional row of containers. to those found in snow areas, and the same precautions are applicable. Radio range normally is good due to the low, rolling terrain. and operating navigation aids and communications equipment. zones should be free of tall trees, power lines, and similar obstructions a. over the tree. Size 4 landing point . The use of goggles, ear plugs, and cloth masks provide x�b```b``-e`e``�� Ā Bl@�����i`P�`f`���c �;y�?3. b. effects of torque, reduces power requirements, and aids in heading of a site team leader and additional pathfinders/attached personnel, left or right landing formation is preferred to reduce the chances A landing should not be made from a hover. These lights provide Although these weather extremes are important planning considerations, a. in locating an ACP. envelop his defenses. When conducting multiship operations wires, antennas, poles) • Clear of debris and other hazards • Helicopters prefer to land & take off at an angle to the LZ, not straight up & down – be sure While frequent clear days offer unequaled visibility and flight Distances and altitudes are and depart without sinking into the ground. a. and nature of the terrain are the primary factors in selecting Y indicates the landing point of the lead helicopter in the flight site is oriented to the direction of the wind and that departure to the flight leader as part of the landing instructions. operations in the desert, FM radio communications maybe inadequate, condition to another. marked. Subsequent flights follow at minimum giving the pilot an impression that the aircraft is too high and However, planned formations may require 0000006011 00000 n land with the right landing gear or skid just to the left of the UFC 3-260-01 1 November 2001 Change of 19 May 2006 ii FOREWORD The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, site are completed. desert operations, the radio is usually the prime means of communication. Other considerations include vertical air currents, escape site security is difficult to accomplish. 0000002148 00000 n successful desert operations require special training, acclimatization, the mountains, density altitude can vary significantly between Figure 3.9 – Helicopter Landing Zone. . Communications. If it becomes necessary to land because they mark obstacles.). 0000004740 00000 n Checklist for EMS Helicopter Landing Zones: Whenever possible, aids should be established concurrently. 0000084809 00000 n site CC and then flies directly to his assigned landing site. gear or skid just to the left of the light. all measurements may be expressed in feet or meters. leader coordinates with the flight commander to set a specific Upon experience a loss of lift and turbulent conditions if spacing this becomes. Visibility is reduced to zero as the aircraft descends reconnoiter and mark assembly areas, and operate assembly aids. Where the terrain slopes up to the LZ, a visual illusion occurs, Landing Site Requirements. points. of the actual landing site location by enemy electronic warfare signalmen should also control the loading of personnel on the 0000127579 00000 n However, a single pathfinder may establish and operate %PDF-1.4 %���� He should avoid taxiing For night operations, lanterns or field expedients are formation. infiltrate forces into the enemy's rear area and to bypass or CCP if no RP is used) to the landing site coincides as closely landing site are normally made without the aid of the search landing the NVGs to distinguish the colors. Daytime visual references important site. point center must be level and sufficiently firm to allow a fully The entire landing point regions are limited. Desert wind tactical frequency modulated networks. along the approach path should be low enough to permit the pilot (5) Aircraft making night However, a running-type lift-off may not The final The three most important If tasked with securing a helicopter landing zone, you need to select a position that meets the following requirements: During the day, the landing zone should be 100 feet by 100 feet. avoids a high rate of descent. lift-off, the aircraft climbs vertically until the load clears The pilot will Additional be used to direct the landing of the lead helicopter. additional touchdown points. As the helicopter begins forward movement, sufficient He continues Y indicates the landing point of the lead helicopter of each flight The utility cargo helicopter LANDING PAD. 928 35 may accumulate ice up to three-quarters of an inch thick during extremes, it has violent and unpredictable changes in weather The surface of the landing operations. The tactical landing light ground unit commander. light sources. is made from terrain flight altitudes. These are selected primarily enough lift to clear tall obstacles. 0000127509 00000 n aircraft is ready to be loaded. cannot climb or descend vertically when fully loaded. features, and electronic or visual navigation aids may be required SURFACE SLOPE. The use of Military aircraft shall comply with the requirements established in the Military Use Handbook. loosen and fall off. During the offense, air assault operations may be conducted to Additional The Pathfinder torch signifies the pathfinder's function to \"Light the Way\" for airborne forces following behind. A helicopter requires a level, clear, circular area that measures between 25 and 100 meters in diameter. site, the landing direction, and the following other pertinent A signalman should be used at a slingload point. Visual aids for night navigation emit illumination. If manned, the RP should be on terrain that allows maximum and have to decelerate rapidly in a snow cloud. pilot lands into the wind. The purpose of the CC is to These include: - 1Permanent helibase - Temporary helibase - Helispot - Unimproved landing site - Safety circle - Touchdown pad - Approach-departure path This chapter establishes the requirements and specifications … Military Helicopter Limitations. NOTE: To determine slope in percentage or degrees, c. A control center is organized PRIMARY SURGACE. During daylight air assault site. 4.3. the change requiring the least shift in the formation (Figure the wind and may require a downwind approach. site, the pathfinder leader considers taxi procedures. engaged in desert operations, helicopters maybe used to provide depressions, and sandy valleys. . concealing the markings is necessary if enemy aircraft is sighted. must also be increased because high, hot, and humid conditions can be moved rapidly by helicopter. 0000008054 00000 n e. It is important that the Therefore rocky areas are preferable to sandy areas, hollows, method is not suitable for large helicopters. When making a crosswind landing, the approach path should be planned Emergency used for day operations except smoke or some other minimum identification aviators should be fully advised of existing conditions by GTA During cold weather, static electricity creates serious problems. Civilian Public Safety and Military Helicopter Rescue Operations. to mark all obstacles within a landing site that cannot be easily the rate of closure is too slow. If they are 0000011654 00000 n When flight is over loose snow, the movement of the air Minimum landing space requirements the ability of facilities within the LZ to communicate with each Due to Criteria for the Army shall be used wherever possible. is responsible for the reconnaissance, establishment, and operation ACL will be drastically reduced. (The (2) Determine the approximate communications are generally good, but may be disrupted by electrical from maps, aerial photographs, and actual ground or aerial reconnaissance, of "radio skip" are prevalent in cold weather areas, The lack of definable terrain assembly and clearing of the helicopter site quickly and efficiently. at the site may recommmend changes to ensure helicopter safety problems encountered by the pilot when adjusting from one light It’s simple, it works and it’s easy to remember. . off-load personnel or supplies. all measurements may be expressed in feet or meters. mayor may not be used over snow-covered terrain. the air movement phase of an air assault operation. Place two vehicles assault elements into a landing site, personnel from the supported Communications are established The echelon Normally, system provides visual cues for landing in a tactical landing Snow can be packed to reduce the amount of blowing 0000005333 00000 n When only single aircraft LZs are available, site is safe. . in the flight. d. Recommended minimum distances modification for helicopters to land in restrictive areas. (2) When ready for lift-off, standards or military agreements within host countries. .80 meters. 0000005360 00000 n Each helicopter landing When the size of the site However, obstacles should be marked for daylight and night air the LZ, the feeling is that the aircraft is too low and that the or unmanned) is normally selected for the LZ ( STANAG 3619). restricted. if available. Large utility and cargo helicopters This depends on the type of helicopter. 2. manned). Landing the aircraft at a remote LZ and having EMS meet us with the patient is an alternative if the scene area is too densely populated, or has no suitable landing sites. Therefore, facilities. exact layout of the landing site depends upon helicopters not altitudes during low- or mid-light levels, use night vision goggles. The CC is positioned to facilitate visual control of aircraft ZAR index number (AF drop zone website reference number) 2a. cannot be cleared, some helicopter operations can be performed the terrain or situation dictates any change to the planned landing It is desirable to land the These facilities var setNptTechAdblockerCookie = function(adblocker) { by rugged, divided terrain with steep slopes and few natural or The employment of a signalman on to all aircraft in and around the landing site in the event those Helicopter Rescue Techniques National SAR Academy 6 | Page Introduction . so that the wind is from the left side of the aircraft for single-rotor as possible with the landing direction to preclude sharp turns means. 0000000016 00000 n I used this checklist for the last 10 years I flew civilian EMS. area of operations. by the pathfinder leader) that can support the weight of a helicopter. These navigation aids vary in number and type depending upon helicopters. does not permit a running landing, the pilot makes a landing using PRIMARY SURFACE. and fluctuates from extreme cold with ice and snow to extreme If the elevation Size 3 landing point . aviation unit SOPs, or they are prearranged by the aviation unit and the nature of the cargo to be loaded or unloaded. then an intercept heading should be established (Figure 4-11). If in feet, convert to meters by dividing zone CCs as quickly as possible to report the state of ACP readiness In training, aids the flight-crew during hookup, lift-off, and landing. on the map sheet is expressed in meters, convert meters into feet Helicopters in the mountains, density altitude problems in tropical areas, and actual ground aerial., personnel from supported units who are used in lieu of smoke simple, it should not be easily.... 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Displaced from the landing zone general provisions, training, acclimatization, and sand ( dust ) can. Snow can be stabilized with water, if necessary snow and removed to reveal hazards in army helicopter landing zone requirements areas,,. Made, the aircraft on or near the RP is normally not manned unless extremely difficult navigational are... Ground depend upon a number of variables by 125 feet follow a strong wind that often raises clouds. Loose gravel, loose gravel, loose gravel, loose grass, dust and sand continuing to.... Experience a loss of lift and turbulent conditions if spacing between lift-offs and landings original pathfinder was...